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avoid a conflict

  • 1 конфликт

    (столкновение) conflict, clash; (спор, особ. полит.) dispute

    вовлечь в конфликт — to embroil (smb.) in a conflict / in a clash; to draw / to involve (smb.) in a conflict

    вовлечённый в конфликт — involved / embroiled in a conflict

    избежать конфликта — to avoid a conflict / a clash, to sidestep / to elude a conflict

    предотвратить конфликт — to avert / to head off a conflict

    привести к конфликту — to result in a clash, to bring about / to lead to a conflict

    спровоцировать конфликт — to provoke / to engineer a conflict

    уладить конфликт — to defuse a conflict, to adjust / to conciliate a dispute

    урегулировать конфликт — to solve / to reconcile a dispute

    военный конфликт — military / warlike conflict

    очаги опасных военных конфликтов — hotbeds / flashpoints of dangerous military conflicts

    вечный конфликт — eternal / ongoing conflict

    прекратить вооружённый конфликт — to stop / to halt an armed conflict

    провоцировать вооружённый конфликт — to provoke / to engineer a war / military conflict

    международный конфликт — international conflict / dispute

    мирное разрешение международных конфликтов — peaceful / nonhostile settlement of international differences / conflicts

    назревающий конфликт — coming / imminent conflict

    ненужный конфликт, конфликт, которого можно избежать — unnecessary conflict

    неразрешённый / нерешённый конфликт — unresolved problem, pendent dispute

    пограничный конфликт — border / frontier conflict; frontier dispute

    провоцирование пограничного конфликта — provoking / engineering of a border / frontier conflict

    политический конфликт — political conflict / dispute

    разрешение / решение конфликта — solution of a conflict

    расширение / эскалация конфликта — escalation of a conflict

    урегулирование конфликта — resolving / settlement of conflict

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > конфликт

  • 2 конфликт

    сущ.
    clash; conflict; dispute

    вызывать (провоцировать) конфликт — to bring about (lead to, provoke, trigger off) a conflict

    подтверждать или отрицать наличие конфликта — ( спора) to affirm or deny the existence of a conflict (of a dispute)

    разжигать конфликт — to fan (foment, kindle, stir up) a conflict

    разрешать (урегулировать) конфликт мирным путём (посредством мировой сделки) — to resolve (settle) a conflict (a dispute) by peaceful means (through an out-of-court settlement)

    - вооружённый конфликт
    - пограничный конфликт
    - трудовой конфликт
    - этнический конфликт

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > конфликт

  • 3 избежать конфликта

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > избежать конфликта

  • 4 избегать конфликтов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > избегать конфликтов

  • 5 Г-391

    ОТ ГРЕХА ПОДАЛЬШЕ coll AdvP Invar adv usu. this WO in order to avoid some conflict, misfortune, a fight etc: (in order) to be (to get s.o. etc) out of harnris way (in order) to get (to keep) away from trouble (from temptation) (in order) to keep ( s.o.) (to stay) out of trouble (in order) to flee from temptation (from trouble) (in order) to steer clear of trouble (of temptation) before something happens to one.
    «Пока нас не трогают и силком не берут в часть, надо... уезжать от греха подальше...»(Шолохов 5). "We've got to get out of harm's way... before someone recruits us by force..." (5a).
    «... Я пойду узнаю, как там дела». И пошел (Едигей) с потемневшим, неприязненным лицом, подальше от греха. Брови его сошлись на переносице (Айтматов 2). "...I will go and see how things are out there." Off he (Yedigei) went, his face dark and hostile, to get away from temptation, his brows furrowed with anger (2a).
    Оба (брата) исчезли в ночь перед арестом Ивана Хохлушки на. Матвей всегда отличался скрытностью и, видно почуяв неладное, ушёл и увёл за собой брата... от греха подальше (Максимов 1)....They (the two brothers) both disappeared the night before Ivan Khokhlushkin was arrested. Matvei was always secretive and he'd evidently got wind of something being up, for he had gone off, taking his brother with him, so as to keep him out of trouble (1a).
    Пока полк выстраивался на дороге, генерал вместе с Ревкиным сел в бронетранспортёр и уехал. Уехал от греха подальше и Голубев (Войнович 2). While the regiment was forming on the road, the general and Revkin climbed into the armored carrier and drove away. Golubev drove away as well, before something happened to him too (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Г-391

  • 6 от греха подальше

    [AdvP; Invar; adv; usu. this WO]
    =====
    ⇒ in order to avoid some conflict, misfortune, a fight etc:
    - (in order) to be <to get s.o. etc> out of harnris way;
    - (in order) to get < to keep> away from trouble < from temptation>;
    - (in order) to keep (s.o.) < to stay> out of trouble;
    - (in order) to flee from temptation < from trouble>;
    - (in order) to steer clear of trouble < of temptation>;
    - before something happens to one.
         ♦ "Пока нас не трогают и силком не берут в часть, надо... уезжать от греха подальше..."(Шолохов 5). "We've got to get out of harm's way... before someone recruits us by force..." (5a).
         ♦ "... Я пойду узнаю, как там дела". И пошел [Едигей] с потемневшим, неприязненным лицом, подальше от греха. Брови его сошлись на переносице (Айтматов 2). "...I will go and see how things are out there." Off he [Yedigei] went, his face dark and hostile, to get away from temptation, his brows furrowed with anger (2a).
         ♦... Оба [ брата] исчезли в ночь перед арестом Ивана Хохлушкина. Матвей всегда отличался скрытностью и, видно почуяв неладное, ушёл и увёл за собой брата... от греха подальше (Максимов 1)....They [the two brothers] both disappeared the night before Ivan Khokhlushkin was arrested. Matvei was always secretive and he'd evidently got wind of something being up, for he had gone off, taking his brother with him, so as to keep him out of trouble (1a).
         ♦ Пока полк выстраивался на дороге, генерал вместе с Ревкиным сел в бронетранспортёр и уехал. Уехал от греха подальше и Голубев (Войнович 2). While the regiment was forming on the road, the general and Revkin climbed into the armored carrier and drove away. Golubev drove away as well, before something happened to him too (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > от греха подальше

  • 7 enfrentamiento

    m.
    confrontation.
    * * *
    1 confrontation
    * * *
    noun m.
    clash, confrontation
    * * *
    SM (=conflicto) confrontation; (=encuentro) (face to face) encounter, (face to face) meeting; (Dep) encounter
    * * *
    masculino clash
    * * *
    = clash [clashes, -pl.], conflict, confrontation, contest, collision, showdown, fighting, collision course, rumble, match, standoff.
    Ex. A seminar was held on community information last year which brought sharp clashes between librarians and social workers over their respective roles.
    Ex. On that basis, I should like to suggest a possible solution to the conflict.
    Ex. A library should be organised to impose maximum confrontation between books and readers.
    Ex. Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex. Libraries now face the realities of the wired campus environment and the collision between library automation tradition and the new world of networks.
    Ex. The article 'Search engine showdown' reports the results of lab tests carried out on 7 major World Wide Web (WWW) search engines available free of charge on the Internet.
    Ex. The children were involved in manual labour, guard duty, front-line fighting, bomb manufacture, setting sea/land mines & radio & communication.
    Ex. A collision course can be avoided only if librarians work closely with the faculty in determining an appropriate policy.
    Ex. It is common practice for gang members to make sure that the police are informed of an impending rumble.
    Ex. That was one of the finest matches they ever played.
    Ex. A 12-hour standoff ended with a man lobbing Molotov cocktails at police before taking his own life rather than vacate a home he'd lost to foreclosure.
    ----
    * enfrentamiento armado = armed encounter.
    * enfrentamiento cara a cara = eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation.
    * enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.
    * enfrentamiento entre rivales = grudge fight, grudge match, local derby.
    * enfrentamiento racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * enfrentamientos sobre preferencias = flame war.
    * evitar el enfrentamiento = avoid + confrontation.
    * llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.
    * reglas de enfrentamiento = rules of engagement.
    * * *
    masculino clash
    * * *
    = clash [clashes, -pl.], conflict, confrontation, contest, collision, showdown, fighting, collision course, rumble, match, standoff.

    Ex: A seminar was held on community information last year which brought sharp clashes between librarians and social workers over their respective roles.

    Ex: On that basis, I should like to suggest a possible solution to the conflict.
    Ex: A library should be organised to impose maximum confrontation between books and readers.
    Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    Ex: Libraries now face the realities of the wired campus environment and the collision between library automation tradition and the new world of networks.
    Ex: The article 'Search engine showdown' reports the results of lab tests carried out on 7 major World Wide Web (WWW) search engines available free of charge on the Internet.
    Ex: The children were involved in manual labour, guard duty, front-line fighting, bomb manufacture, setting sea/land mines & radio & communication.
    Ex: A collision course can be avoided only if librarians work closely with the faculty in determining an appropriate policy.
    Ex: It is common practice for gang members to make sure that the police are informed of an impending rumble.
    Ex: That was one of the finest matches they ever played.
    Ex: A 12-hour standoff ended with a man lobbing Molotov cocktails at police before taking his own life rather than vacate a home he'd lost to foreclosure.
    * enfrentamiento armado = armed encounter.
    * enfrentamiento cara a cara = eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation.
    * enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.
    * enfrentamiento entre rivales = grudge fight, grudge match, local derby.
    * enfrentamiento racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * enfrentamientos sobre preferencias = flame war.
    * evitar el enfrentamiento = avoid + confrontation.
    * llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.
    * reglas de enfrentamiento = rules of engagement.

    * * *
    clash
    se produjeron enfrentamientos entre los manifestantes y la policía there were clashes between demonstrators and police
    en el debate se produjo un enfrentamiento entre los dos dirigentes during the debate there was a confrontation o clash between the two leaders
    Compuestos:
    armed confrontation
    military confrontation
    * * *

    enfrentamiento sustantivo masculino
    clash;

    enfrentamiento sustantivo masculino confrontation

    ' enfrentamiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conflictividad
    - contienda
    - disputa
    - duelo
    - oposición
    - parte
    - refriega
    - sangrienta
    - sangriento
    - choque
    - conflicto
    - confrontación
    English:
    clash
    - showdown
    - confrontation
    - show
    * * *
    confrontation;
    hubo enfrentamientos con la policía there were confrontations with the police;
    un enfrentamiento entre las dos alas del partido a confrontation between the two wings of the party
    enfrentamiento armado armed confrontation o clash
    * * *
    m clash, confrontation;
    enfrentamiento verbal heated argument
    * * *
    : clash, confrontation
    * * *
    enfrentamiento n clash [pl. clashes]

    Spanish-English dictionary > enfrentamiento

  • 8 chocar

    v.
    1 to crash.
    chocaron dos autobuses two buses crashed o collided
    la moto chocó contra un árbol the motorbike hit a tree
    chocar de frente con to have a head-on collision with
    2 to clash.
    mis ideas siempre han chocado con las suyas he and I have always had different ideas about things
    3 to surprise, to puzzle.
    me choca que no haya llegado ya I'm surprised o puzzled that she hasn't arrived yet
    4 to annoy, to bug (informal) (molestar). (Colombian Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Venezuelan Spanish)
    me choca que esté siempre controlándome it really annoys me how he's always watching me
    5 to shake (manos).
    ¡chócala!, ¡choca esos cinco! (informal) put it there!
    6 to clink (copas, vasos).
    7 to hit, to crash, to bump, to collide with.
    8 to dislike.
    Me choca esa mala actidud I dislike that bad attitude.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (colisionar con algo) to collide (contra/con, with), crash (contra/con, into), run (contra/con, into)
    2 (colisionar entre sí) to collide (with each other), crash (into each other)
    3 (una pelota) to hit ( contra, -), strike ( contra, -)
    4 figurado (pelear) to fight, clash
    5 figurado (en una discusión) to clash, fall out
    1 figurado (sorprender) to surprise; (extrañar) to shock
    ■ me choca que no haya llegado todavía I'm surprised he hasn't arrived yet, it's strange that he hasn't arrived yet
    ■ me chocó lo que dijo I was shocked at what he said, what he said shocked me
    2 (las manos) to shake
    3 (copas) to clink
    \
    ¡choca esos cinco! / ¡chócala! put it there!, give me five!
    * * *
    verb
    1) to collide, crash
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=colisionar) [coches, trenes] to collide, crash; [barcos] to collide

    • chocar con o contra — [+ vehículo] to collide with, crash into; [+ objeto] to bang into; [+ persona] to bump into

    2) (=enfrentarse) [opiniones, personalidades] to clash

    • chocar con — [+ ideas, intereses] to run counter to, be at odds with; [+ obstáculos, dificultades] to come up against, run into; [+ personas] to clash with

    esa sería una de las mayores dificultades con las que chocarían en este proyecto — that would be one of the biggest problems they would come up against in this project

    por su carácter chocaba a menudo con sus compañeros de trabajo — he often clashed with his colleagues because of his confrontational nature

    2. VT
    1) (=sorprender) to shock

    ¿no te choca la situación actual? — don't you find the current situation shocking?

    me chocó muchísimo lo que dijo — I was really shocked by what he said, what he said really shocked me

    2) (=hacer chocar) [+ vasos] to clink; [+ manos] to shake

    ¡chócala! * —

    ¡choca esos cinco! — * put it there! *

    3) Méx (=asquear) to disgust
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( colisionar) to crash; ( entre sí) to collide

    chocar de frente — to collide o crash head-on

    nunca he chocado — (CS) I've never had an accident

    chocar con or contra algo — vehículo to crash o run into something; ( con otro en marcha) to collide with something

    chocaron con or contra un árbol — they crashed o ran into a tree

    chocar con alguien — persona to run into somebody, collide with somebody

    c)

    chocar con algo — con problema/obstáculo to come up against something

    2)
    a) (causar impresión, afectar) (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) ( extrañar)
    c) ( escandalizar) to shock
    3) (Col, Méx, Ven fam) (irritar, molestar) (+ me/te/le etc) to annoy, bug (colloq)
    2.
    chocar vt
    a) < copas> to clink

    chocarla: estaban enojados pero ya la chocaron (Méx fam) they had fallen out but they've made it up again now (colloq); chócala! — (fam) put it there! (colloq), give me five! (colloq)

    b) (AmL) < vehículo>( que se conduce) to crash; ( de otra persona) to run into
    3.
    chocarse v pron
    1) (Col) ( en vehículo) to have a crash o an accident
    2) (Col fam) ( molestarse) to get annoyed
    * * *
    = crash.
    Ex. It doesn't take a wild imagination to grasp what happens to a rider who crashes with protective gear on and one who goes down in street clothes.
    ----
    * chocar (con) = conflict with, run into, lock + horns (with), grate against, grate on, collide (with).
    * chocar destruyendo = smash into.
    * chocar por detrás = rear-end.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( colisionar) to crash; ( entre sí) to collide

    chocar de frente — to collide o crash head-on

    nunca he chocado — (CS) I've never had an accident

    chocar con or contra algo — vehículo to crash o run into something; ( con otro en marcha) to collide with something

    chocaron con or contra un árbol — they crashed o ran into a tree

    chocar con alguien — persona to run into somebody, collide with somebody

    c)

    chocar con algo — con problema/obstáculo to come up against something

    2)
    a) (causar impresión, afectar) (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) ( extrañar)
    c) ( escandalizar) to shock
    3) (Col, Méx, Ven fam) (irritar, molestar) (+ me/te/le etc) to annoy, bug (colloq)
    2.
    chocar vt
    a) < copas> to clink

    chocarla: estaban enojados pero ya la chocaron (Méx fam) they had fallen out but they've made it up again now (colloq); chócala! — (fam) put it there! (colloq), give me five! (colloq)

    b) (AmL) < vehículo>( que se conduce) to crash; ( de otra persona) to run into
    3.
    chocarse v pron
    1) (Col) ( en vehículo) to have a crash o an accident
    2) (Col fam) ( molestarse) to get annoyed
    * * *

    Ex: It doesn't take a wild imagination to grasp what happens to a rider who crashes with protective gear on and one who goes down in street clothes.

    * chocar (con) = conflict with, run into, lock + horns (with), grate against, grate on, collide (with).
    * chocar destruyendo = smash into.
    * chocar por detrás = rear-end.

    * * *
    chocar [A2 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (colisionar) to crash, collide
    los trenes chocaron de frente the trains collided o crashed head-on
    los dos coches chocaron en el puente the two cars crashed o collided on the bridge
    cuatro coches chocaron en el cruce there was a collision at the crossroads involving four cars
    nunca he chocado (CS); I've never had an accident o a crash
    chocar CON algo «vehículo» to collide WITH sth
    el expreso chocó con un tren de mercancías the express collided with o ran into o hit a freight train
    chocar CON algn «persona» to run INTO sb, collide WITH sb
    chocó con el árbitro he ran into o collided with the referee
    chocar CONTRA algo/algn to run o crash INTO sth/sb
    chocaron contra un árbol they crashed o ran into a tree
    el tren chocó contra los topes the train crashed into o ran into the buffers
    el balón chocó contra el poste the ball hit the goalpost
    la lluvia chocaba contra los cristales the rain lashed against the windows
    las olas chocaban contra el espigón the waves crashed against the breakwater
    2 (entrar en conflicto) chocar CON algn/algo:
    chocó con el gerente he clashed o ( colloq) had a run-in with the manager
    es tan quisquilloso que choca con todo el mundo he's so touchy he falls out o clashes with everyone
    esta idea choca con su conservadurismo this idea conflicts with o is at odds with his conservatism
    3 chocar CON algo ‹con un problema/un obstáculo›
    chocaron con la oposición de los habitantes de la zona they met with o came up against opposition from local people
    B
    1 (causar impresión, afectar) to shock
    (+ me/te/le etc): le chocó la noticia de que se habían divorciado he was very shocked to hear that they had divorced, it came as a real shock to him to hear that they had divorced
    me chocó que invitara a todos menos a mí I was taken aback that he invited everybody except me
    le chocó que lo recibieran de esa manera he was taken aback by the reception he was given
    2 (escandalizar) to shock
    me chocó que dijera esa palabrota I was shocked o it shocked me to hear him use that word
    C (Col, Méx, Ven fam) (irritar, molestar) (+ me/te/le etc) to annoy, bug ( colloq)
    me choca que me trate así I can't stand it o it really annoys me when he treats me like that, it really gets me o bugs me when he treats me like that ( colloq)
    me choca todo este tramiterío all this red tape really annoys o ( colloq) gets me
    ■ chocar
    vt
    1 ‹copas› to clink
    chocarla: estaban enojados pero ya la chocaron ( Méx fam); they had fallen out but they've made it up again now ( colloq)
    ¡chócala! or ¡choca esos cinco! ( fam); put it there! ( colloq), give me five! ( colloq)
    2
    ( AmL) ‹vehículo› te lo presto pero no me lo vayas a chocar I'll lend it to you but you'd better not crash it o have a crash
    al estacionar choqué el auto del vecino as I was parking I ran into o hit my neighbor's car
    A ( Col) (en un vehículo) to have a crash o an accident
    B ( Col fam) (molestarse) to get annoyed
    * * *

     

    chocar ( conjugate chocar) verbo intransitivo
    1

    ( entre sí) to collide;
    ◊ chocar de frente to collide o crash head-on;

    chocar con or contra algo [ vehículo] to crash o run into sth;

    ( con otro en marcha) to collide with sth;

    chocar con algn [ persona] to run into sb;

    ( con otra en movimiento) to collide with sb
    b) ( entrar en conflicto) chocar con algn to clash with sb

    c) chocar con algo ‹con problema/obstáculo› to come up against sth

    2
    a) ( extrañar):




    3 (Col, Méx, Ven fam) (irritar, molestar) to annoy, bug (colloq)
    verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ copas› to clink;

    ◊ ¡chócala! (fam) put it there! (colloq), give me five! (colloq)

    b) (AmL) ‹ vehículo› ( que se conduce) to crash;

    ( de otra persona) to run into
    chocarse verbo pronominal (Col)
    1 ( en vehículo) to have a crash o an accident
    2 (fam) ( molestarse) to get annoyed
    chocar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (colisionar) to crash, collide
    chocar con/contra, to run into, collide with
    2 (discutir) to clash [con, with]
    3 (sorprender, extrañar) to surprise
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to knock
    (la mano) to shake
    familiar ¡chócala!, ¡choca esos cinco!, shake (on it)!, US give me five!
    ' chocar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cristalera
    - empotrar
    - estamparse
    - estrellarse
    - incidir
    - tris
    - tropezar
    - estrellar
    - frente
    - impactar
    English:
    avoid
    - barge into
    - bump into
    - cannon
    - clash
    - collide
    - conflict
    - crash
    - hit
    - plough
    - ram
    - run into
    - she
    - smash
    - bump
    - go
    - knock
    - run
    - strike
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [colisionar] to crash, to collide ( con o contra with);
    chocaron dos autobuses two buses crashed o collided;
    el taxi chocó con una furgoneta the taxi crashed into o collided with a van;
    la moto chocó contra un árbol the motorbike hit a tree;
    iba despistado y chocó contra una farola he wasn't concentrating and drove into a lamppost;
    la pelota chocó contra la barrera the ball hit the wall;
    chocar de frente con to have a head-on collision with;
    los dos vehículos chocaron frontalmente o [m5] de frente the two vehicles collided head-on
    2. [enfrentarse] to clash;
    la policía chocó con los manifestantes a las puertas del congreso the police clashed with the demonstrators in front of the parliament;
    el proyecto chocó con la oposición del ayuntamiento the project ran into opposition from the town hall;
    mis opiniones siempre han chocado con las suyas he and I have always had different opinions about things;
    tenemos una ideología tan diferente que chocamos constantemente we have such different ideas that we're always disagreeing about something;
    esta política económica choca con la realidad del mercado de trabajo this economic policy goes against o is at odds with the reality of the labour market
    3. [extrañar, sorprender] [ligeramente] to puzzle, to surprise;
    [mucho] to shock, to astonish;
    me choca que no haya llegado ya I'm surprised o puzzled that she hasn't arrived yet;
    le chocó su actitud tan hostil she was taken aback o shocked by how unfriendly he was;
    es una costumbre que choca a los que no conocen el país it's a custom which comes as a surprise to those who don't know the country
    4. Col, Méx, Ven Fam [molestar] to annoy, to bug;
    me choca que esté siempre controlándome it really annoys me how she's always watching me
    ♦ vt
    1. [manos] to shake;
    Fam
    ¡chócala!, ¡choca esos cinco! put it there!, give me five!
    2. [copas, vasos] to clink;
    ¡choquemos nuestros vasos y brindemos por los novios! let's raise our glasses to the bride and groom!
    * * *
    I v/t
    :
    ¡choca esos cinco! give me five!, put it there!
    II v/i
    1 crash (con, contra into), collide ( con with);
    chocar frontalmente crash head on;
    chocar con un problema come up against a problem
    2
    :
    chocarle a alguien ( sorprender) surprise s.o.; ( ofender) shock s.o
    3
    :
    me choca ese hombre that guy disgusts me
    * * *
    chocar {72} vi
    1) : to crash, to collide
    2) : to clash, to conflict
    3) : to be shocking
    le chocó: he was shocked
    4) Mex, Ven fam : to be unpleasant or obnoxious
    me choca tu jefe: I can't stand your boss
    chocar vt
    1) : to shake (hands)
    2) : to clink glasses
    * * *
    chocar vb to collide / to crash
    chocarle la mano a alguien to shake somebody's hand [pt. shook; pp. shaken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > chocar

  • 9 problema

    m.
    1 problem.
    el problema del terrorismo the terrorist problem, the problem of terrorism
    los niños no causan más que problemas children cause nothing but trouble o problems
    el problema es que no nos queda tiempo the problem o thing is that we don't have any time left
    2 glitch, bug.
    * * *
    1 problem
    \
    dar problemas to cause problems
    tener problemas con to have trouble with
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (=dificultad) problem

    ¿tienes problemas de dinero? — do you have any money worries o financial problems?

    2) (Mat) problem
    3) Méx (=accidente) accident, mishap
    2.
    ADJ INV (=problemático) problem antes de s
    * * *
    masculino problem

    resolver/solucionar un problema — to solve a problem

    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas — if they find out, you'll be in trouble

    no te hagas problema — (AmL) don't worry about it

    * * *
    = dilemma, issue, problem, rough spot, snag, bug, hitch, mischief, trouble spot, tyranny, catch, tribulation, show-stopper [showstopper], hassle, rub, kink, kicker.
    Ex. Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex. When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex. Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex. A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex. Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.
    Ex. The author discusses the characteristics of programs designed specifically to cause mischief to computer owners who download and run the programs = El autor analiza las características de los programas diseñados específicamente para causar problemas a los propietarios de ordenadores que los descargan y ejecutan.
    Ex. The statistics collected served as an early warning signal for trouble spots.
    Ex. Information access, such as satellites, overcomes the tyranny of distance for students, teachers and researchers in Australasia.
    Ex. Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex. The author discusses the tribulations of equipment selection.
    Ex. In engineering use, a show-stopper is usually some aspect of a project that is so bad that it threatens to cancel the project unless it is corrected.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.
    Ex. But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.
    Ex. However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.
    Ex. The kicker is that this type of money transfer service is less convenient and no safer than many online money transfers.
    ----
    * abordar un problema = address + problem.
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * aclarar un problema = clear up + problem.
    * acometer un problema = attack + problem.
    * acosado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * acotar un problema = delineate + problem.
    * acuciado por problemas = embattled.
    * acumular problemas = build up + problems.
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * afrontar un problema = face + issue, confront + problem.
    * agobiado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * agravar un problema = compound + problem.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * anticipar un problema = anticipate + problem.
    * aprendizaje a través de solución de problemas = problem based learning.
    * aquejado de problemas = troubled, ailing.
    * arreglar un problema = fix + problem.
    * asediado por problemas = embattled.
    * atajar un problema = grapple with + problem.
    * ausencia de problemas = smoothness.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * buscar problemas = ask for + trouble, court + disaster, make + trouble.
    * capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.
    * causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.
    * combatir un problema = combat + problem.
    * complicar un problema = compound + problem.
    * con problemas = in hot water.
    * con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.
    * con problemas de lectura = print disabled.
    * con problemas de vista = vision impaired.
    * con problemas visuales = vision impaired.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * corregir un problema = correct + problem.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar problemas = play up.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * debatir un problema = discuss + problem.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * definición del problema = problem statement.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * delimitar un problema = isolate + problem.
    * desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.
    * detectar un problema = spot + problem, spot + trouble.
    * diagnosticar el problema = diagnose + problem.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el problema obvio = the elephant in the room.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * enfrentarse a un problema = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + issue, face + issue, face + problem, come up against + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue.
    * enfrentarse un problema = confront + problem, experience + problem.
    * enunciado del problema = problem statement.
    * esbozar un problema = outline + problem.
    * ese es el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar el problema = sidestep + the problem.
    * esquivar un problema = duck + issue.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * evitar problemas = stay out of + trouble.
    * evitar un problema = avoid + problem.
    * exarcerbar un problema = inflame + problem.
    * exteriorizar un problema = externalise + problem.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * franquear un problema = negotiate + problem.
    * hacer frente a un problema = attack + problem, combat + problem, wrestle with + problem.
    * identificar un problema = outline + problem, identify + problem, isolate + problem.
    * ilustrar un problema = illustrate + problem.
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * lleno de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-ridden.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * mencionar un problema = bring + problem up.
    * meterse en problemas = get into + trouble.
    * mitigar un problema = alleviate + problem.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * ocasionar problemas = cause + problems.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * paliar problemas = minimise + problems.
    * paliar un problema = solve + problem.
    * percatarse de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * persona con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled person.
    * persona o mecanismo que resuelve problemas = solver.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.
    * personas con problemas de lectura = print handicapped people, print handicapped, the.
    * personas con problemas de lectura de la letra impresa = print disabled people.
    * personas con problemas de vista, las = visually impaired, the, visually disabled, the, visually handicapped, the, visually impaired people (VIPs), visually challenged, the.
    * personas con problemas mentales = disturbed people.
    * persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.
    * plagado de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-wracked [problem-racked].
    * plagar de problemas = bedevil.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * problema + acosar = problem + dog.
    * problema acuciante = pressing problem.
    * problema + acuciar = problem + beset.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problema + afligir = problem + afflict.
    * problema + agravar = problem + exacerbate.
    * problema alimenticio = eating problem.
    * problema asociado = attending problem.
    * problema auditivo = hearing problem.
    * problema + avecinarse = problem + lie ahead.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problema con el alcohol = drinking problem.
    * problema con los niños de la llave = latchkey problem.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * problema de comportamiento = behaviour problem, behavioural problem.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * problema de peso = weight problem.
    * problema de salud = health problem.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * problema diario = daily problem.
    * problema difícil = thorny problem, poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * problema doméstico = domestic problem.
    * problema económico = economic problem, financial problem.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * problema escolar = school problem.
    * problema espinoso = knotty problem, thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + estar = problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problema familiar = family problem.
    * problema informático = computing problem.
    * problema inicial = startup problem.
    * problema insoluble = insoluble problem.
    * problema monetario = monetary problem.
    * problema motriz = motor disability.
    * problema peliagudo = thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + persistir = problem + persist.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * problema práctico = practical problem.
    * problema racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * problema + radicar = trouble + lie.
    * problema real = real problem.
    * problema + residir = problem + reside, problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problemas = trouble, crisis [crises, -pl.], problem areas, trials and tribulations, trouble at mill.
    * problemas auditivos = impaired hearing, hearing impairment, hearing disability.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * problemas con el alcohol = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la bebida = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la vista = poor eyesight.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * problemas del crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas de lectura = reading difficulties.
    * problemas dentales = dental disease.
    * problemas de oído = poor hearing.
    * problema seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * problemas familiares = family crisis.
    * problemas + girar en torno a = problems + turn on, problems + revolve around.
    * problemas inherentes al crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas iniciales = teething problems, teething troubles, growing pains.
    * problema siquiátrico = psychiatric problem.
    * problema social = societal problem, social problem.
    * problemas sociales = social crisis.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * problemas visuales = visual impairment.
    * problema técnico = glitch, technical difficulty, technical problem.
    * problema técnico desconocido = gremlin.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * resolver los problemas = iron out + the bugs.
    * resolver un problema = resolve + issue, resolve + problem, solve + problem, work out + problem, unlock + problem, settle + problem, sort out + problem, clear up + problem, work + problem + through, address + limitation, straighten out + problem, iron out + problem, work out + kink.
    * sacar a colación un problema = bring + problem up.
    * salvar un problema = circumvent + problem, negotiate + problem.
    * ser un problema = be at issue.
    * sin meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.
    * sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.
    * sin problemas de vista = sighted.
    * solución a problemas = problem solution.
    * solucionar los problemas = put + things right.
    * solucionar problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * solucionar un problema = solve + problem, settle + problem, iron out + problem.
    * subproblema = sub-problem [subproblem].
    * subsanar un problema = remedy + problem.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * suscitar un problema = provoke + problem, raise + problem, raise + concern.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener un problema = experience + problem.
    * tener un problema medio resuelto = have + problem half licked.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * toparse con un problema = encounter + problem, come across + problem.
    * tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.
    * tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.
    * trivializar un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * tropezar con problemas = run into + problems.
    * * *
    masculino problem

    resolver/solucionar un problema — to solve a problem

    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas — if they find out, you'll be in trouble

    no te hagas problema — (AmL) don't worry about it

    * * *
    = dilemma, issue, problem, rough spot, snag, bug, hitch, mischief, trouble spot, tyranny, catch, tribulation, show-stopper [showstopper], hassle, rub, kink, kicker.

    Ex: Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.

    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    Ex: When the cataloguer turns to the description of a piece of music a common problem will be the absence of a title page to be used as the chief source of information.
    Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex: Another snag was the existence of entrenched divergent cataloguing habits among the multinational staff, not to mention their fear of the unknown = Otro problema era la existencia de hábitos de catalogación divergentes y ya arraigados entre el personal multinacional, por no mencionar su miedo hacia lo desconocido.
    Ex: A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex: Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.
    Ex: The author discusses the characteristics of programs designed specifically to cause mischief to computer owners who download and run the programs = El autor analiza las características de los programas diseñados específicamente para causar problemas a los propietarios de ordenadores que los descargan y ejecutan.
    Ex: The statistics collected served as an early warning signal for trouble spots.
    Ex: Information access, such as satellites, overcomes the tyranny of distance for students, teachers and researchers in Australasia.
    Ex: Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex: The author discusses the tribulations of equipment selection.
    Ex: In engineering use, a show-stopper is usually some aspect of a project that is so bad that it threatens to cancel the project unless it is corrected.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'How to implement electronic subscriptions replacing the routing list hassle'.
    Ex: But as elegant and efficient as this seems, this strategy has a rub - you've got to have technology to track shipments, since you're ultimately responsible for purchases, warranties and returns.
    Ex: However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system.
    Ex: The kicker is that this type of money transfer service is less convenient and no safer than many online money transfers.
    * abordar un problema = address + problem.
    * acción de averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooting [trouble shooting].
    * aclarar un problema = clear up + problem.
    * acometer un problema = attack + problem.
    * acosado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * acotar un problema = delineate + problem.
    * acuciado por problemas = embattled.
    * acumular problemas = build up + problems.
    * afrontar los problemas cotidianos = grapple with + life's problems.
    * afrontar un problema = face + issue, confront + problem.
    * agobiado por problemas = beset with + problems.
    * agravar un problema = compound + problem.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * anticipar un problema = anticipate + problem.
    * aprendizaje a través de solución de problemas = problem based learning.
    * aquejado de problemas = troubled, ailing.
    * arreglar un problema = fix + problem.
    * asediado por problemas = embattled.
    * atajar un problema = grapple with + problem.
    * ausencia de problemas = smoothness.
    * averiguar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * buscar problemas = ask for + trouble, court + disaster, make + trouble.
    * capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.
    * causar problemas = cause + problems, cause + trouble, make + trouble.
    * combatir un problema = combat + problem.
    * complicar un problema = compound + problem.
    * con problemas = in hot water.
    * con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled.
    * con problemas de lectura = print disabled.
    * con problemas de vista = vision impaired.
    * con problemas visuales = vision impaired.
    * considerar un problema = consider + problem.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * corregir un problema = correct + problem.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar problemas = play up.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * debatir un problema = discuss + problem.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * definición del problema = problem statement.
    * definir un problema = delineate + problem.
    * delimitar un problema = isolate + problem.
    * desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.
    * detectar un problema = spot + problem, spot + trouble.
    * diagnosticar el problema = diagnose + problem.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el problema obvio = the elephant in the room.
    * el único problema = a fly in the soup, the fly in the ointment.
    * el verdadero problema = the elephant in the room.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * enfrentarse a un problema = challenge + threat, confront + question, cope with + problem, face + issue, face + issue, face + problem, come up against + problem, struggle with + issue, wrestle with + problem, deal with + issue.
    * enfrentarse un problema = confront + problem, experience + problem.
    * enunciado del problema = problem statement.
    * esbozar un problema = outline + problem.
    * ese es el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esquivar el problema = sidestep + the problem.
    * esquivar un problema = duck + issue.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * evitar problemas = stay out of + trouble.
    * evitar un problema = avoid + problem.
    * exarcerbar un problema = inflame + problem.
    * exteriorizar un problema = externalise + problem.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * franquear un problema = negotiate + problem.
    * hacer frente a un problema = attack + problem, combat + problem, wrestle with + problem.
    * identificar un problema = outline + problem, identify + problem, isolate + problem.
    * ilustrar un problema = illustrate + problem.
    * investigar un problema = investigate + problem.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * lleno de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-ridden.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * mencionar un problema = bring + problem up.
    * meterse en problemas = get into + trouble.
    * mitigar un problema = alleviate + problem.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * ocasionar problemas = cause + problems.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * paliar problemas = minimise + problems.
    * paliar un problema = solve + problem.
    * percatarse de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * persona con problemas de aprendizaje = learning disabled person.
    * persona o mecanismo que resuelve problemas = solver.
    * persona que intenta averiguar y resolver problemas = troubleshooter.
    * personas con problemas de lectura = print handicapped people, print handicapped, the.
    * personas con problemas de lectura de la letra impresa = print disabled people.
    * personas con problemas de vista, las = visually impaired, the, visually disabled, the, visually handicapped, the, visually impaired people (VIPs), visually challenged, the.
    * personas con problemas mentales = disturbed people.
    * persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.
    * plagado de problemas = plagued with problems, problem-wracked [problem-racked].
    * plagar de problemas = bedevil.
    * plantear un problema = pose + dilemma, pose + problem, raise + question, raise + concern, raise + issue, raise + problem, articulate + problem.
    * presentar problemas = present + problems.
    * presentar un problema = pose + problem, air + problem.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * problema + acosar = problem + dog.
    * problema acuciante = pressing problem.
    * problema + acuciar = problem + beset.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problema + afligir = problem + afflict.
    * problema + agravar = problem + exacerbate.
    * problema alimenticio = eating problem.
    * problema asociado = attending problem.
    * problema auditivo = hearing problem.
    * problema + avecinarse = problem + lie ahead.
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problema con el alcohol = drinking problem.
    * problema con los niños de la llave = latchkey problem.
    * problema cotidiano = daily problem.
    * problema de comportamiento = behaviour problem, behavioural problem.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * problema de imagen = image problem.
    * problema de peso = weight problem.
    * problema de salud = health problem.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * problema de seguridad = security problem.
    * problema diario = daily problem.
    * problema difícil = thorny problem, poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * problema doméstico = domestic problem.
    * problema económico = economic problem, financial problem.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * problema en la escuela = school problem.
    * problema escolar = school problem.
    * problema espinoso = knotty problem, thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema + estar = problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problema familiar = family problem.
    * problema informático = computing problem.
    * problema inicial = startup problem.
    * problema insoluble = insoluble problem.
    * problema monetario = monetary problem.
    * problema motriz = motor disability.
    * problema peliagudo = thorny problem, thorny issue, thorny question.
    * problema pequeño = a cloud no bigger than a man's hand.
    * problema + persistir = problem + persist.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * problema + plantearse = problem + come with.
    * problema práctico = practical problem.
    * problema racial = racial conflict, ethnic conflict.
    * problema + radicar = trouble + lie.
    * problema real = real problem.
    * problema + residir = problem + reside, problem + lie, problem + come with.
    * problemas = trouble, crisis [crises, -pl.], problem areas, trials and tribulations, trouble at mill.
    * problemas auditivos = impaired hearing, hearing impairment, hearing disability.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * problemas con el alcohol = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la bebida = problem drinking.
    * problemas con la vista = poor eyesight.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * problemas del crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas de lectura = reading difficulties.
    * problemas dentales = dental disease.
    * problemas de oído = poor hearing.
    * problema seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * problemas familiares = family crisis.
    * problemas + girar en torno a = problems + turn on, problems + revolve around.
    * problemas inherentes al crecimiento = growing pains.
    * problemas iniciales = teething problems, teething troubles, growing pains.
    * problema siquiátrico = psychiatric problem.
    * problema social = societal problem, social problem.
    * problemas sociales = social crisis.
    * problema + surgir = problem + arise, problem + surface, problem + come with.
    * problemas visuales = visual impairment.
    * problema técnico = glitch, technical difficulty, technical problem.
    * problema técnico desconocido = gremlin.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * resolver los problemas = iron out + the bugs.
    * resolver un problema = resolve + issue, resolve + problem, solve + problem, work out + problem, unlock + problem, settle + problem, sort out + problem, clear up + problem, work + problem + through, address + limitation, straighten out + problem, iron out + problem, work out + kink.
    * sacar a colación un problema = bring + problem up.
    * salvar un problema = circumvent + problem, negotiate + problem.
    * ser un problema = be at issue.
    * sin meterse en problemas = keep out of + trouble.
    * sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.
    * sin problemas de vista = sighted.
    * solución a problemas = problem solution.
    * solucionar los problemas = put + things right.
    * solucionar problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * solucionar un problema = solve + problem, settle + problem, iron out + problem.
    * subproblema = sub-problem [subproblem].
    * subsanar un problema = remedy + problem.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * surgir un problema de credibilidad = credibility gap + arise.
    * suscitar un problema = provoke + problem, raise + problem, raise + concern.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener un problema = experience + problem.
    * tener un problema medio resuelto = have + problem half licked.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * toparse con un problema = encounter + problem, come across + problem.
    * tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.
    * tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.
    * trivializar un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * tropezar con problemas = run into + problems.

    * * *
    1 ( Mat) problem
    resolver un problema to solve a problem
    2 (dificultad, preocupación) problem
    nos está creando muchos problemas it is causing us a lot of problems o a lot of trouble
    problemas económicos financial difficulties o problems
    me gustaría ir, el problema es que no tengo dinero I'd like to go, the snag o trouble o problem o thing is I don't have any money
    los coches viejos siempre dan muchos problemas old cars always give a lot of trouble, old cars always play up a lot ( colloq)
    si se enteran, vas a tener problemas if they find out, you'll be in trouble
    no te hagas problema ( AmL); don't worry about it
    * * *

     

    problema sustantivo masculino
    problem;
    ◊ resolver/solucionar un problema to solve a problem;

    los coches viejos dan muchos problemas old cars give a lot of trouble;
    no te hagas problema (AmL) don't worry about it
    problema sustantivo masculino problem: les está dando muchos problemas, it is giving them a lot of trouble
    problemas económicos, financial difficulties

    ' problema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    - acotar
    - circunscribirse
    - comprensión
    - conciencia
    - concienciarse
    - conjuntamente
    - contingente
    - deforestación
    - desarrollo
    - desforestación
    - desmenuzar
    - diferente
    - drogodependencia
    - eficacia
    - encarar
    - endemoniada
    - endemoniado
    - enfocar
    - enfocada
    - enfocado
    - enfoque
    - enrevesada
    - enrevesado
    - enunciado
    - inconveniente
    - intrincada
    - intrincado
    - magnitud
    - mano
    - orden
    - plantear
    - presentarse
    - profundizar
    - profundidad
    - radicar
    - raíz
    - remediar
    - remontar
    - replantear
    - resolución
    - resolver
    - robar
    - rompecabezas
    - salida
    - sencilla
    - sencillez
    - sencillo
    - sensibilizar
    - sinsabor
    English:
    answer
    - appreciate
    - appreciation
    - approach
    - approachable
    - arithmetic
    - attack
    - avenue
    - awkward
    - bit
    - bypass
    - can
    - care
    - central
    - come up
    - compound
    - deal with
    - define
    - devil
    - difficulty
    - emerge
    - emotional
    - form
    - formidable
    - graft
    - grapple
    - growing
    - hard
    - hassle
    - ignore
    - issue
    - knotty
    - knowledge
    - land
    - lie
    - magnitude
    - major
    - matter
    - meditate
    - meet with
    - nut
    - object
    - outstanding
    - overcome
    - pin down
    - pose
    - present
    - problem
    - question
    - relation
    * * *
    1. [dificultad] problem;
    el problema del terrorismo the terrorist problem, the problem of terrorism;
    los niños no causan más que problemas children cause nothing but trouble o problems;
    no quiero más problemas I don't want any more trouble;
    el problema es que no nos queda tiempo the problem o thing is that we don't have any time left;
    Am
    no te hagas problema don't worry about it
    2. [matemático] problem;
    resolver un problema to solve a problem
    * * *
    m problem;
    sin problema without difficulty, without any problems
    * * *
    : problem
    * * *
    problema n problem

    Spanish-English dictionary > problema

  • 10 esquivo

    adj.
    shy, bashful, aloof, elusive.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: esquivar.
    * * *
    1 cold, aloof
    * * *
    (f. - esquiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [persona] (=tímido) shy; (=huraño) unsociable; (=difícil de encontrar) elusive; (=evasivo) evasive
    2) (=despreciativo) scornful
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) < persona> ( difícil de encontrar) elusive; ( huraño) aloof, unsociable; ( tímido) shy
    b) < respuesta> elusive, evasive
    * * *
    = avoiding, evasive.
    Ex. There are different styles of handling interpersonal conflict such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising.
    Ex. It is among such populations that the cynical, evasive, or merely muddled schemes of economic development have produced the greatest social inequity and human suffering.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) < persona> ( difícil de encontrar) elusive; ( huraño) aloof, unsociable; ( tímido) shy
    b) < respuesta> elusive, evasive
    * * *
    = avoiding, evasive.

    Ex: There are different styles of handling interpersonal conflict such as integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising.

    Ex: It is among such populations that the cynical, evasive, or merely muddled schemes of economic development have produced the greatest social inequity and human suffering.

    * * *
    esquivo -va
    1 ‹persona› (difícil de encontrar) elusive; (huraño) aloof, unsociable; (tímido) shy
    se mostró esquivo ante los periodistas he was very evasive with the journalists
    2 ‹respuesta› elusive, evasive
    nervioso, con una mirada esquiva nervous, with a shifty look in his eyes
    * * *

    Del verbo esquivar: ( conjugate esquivar)

    esquivo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    esquivó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    esquivar    
    esquivo
    esquivar ( conjugate esquivar) verbo transitivo ‹persona/problema/dificultad› to avoid;
    ‹golpe/pregunta› to dodge, evade;
    ‹ responsabilidad› to avoid, evade
    esquivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo


    ( huraño) aloof, unsociable;
    ( tímido) shy

    esquivar verbo transitivo
    1 (un obstáculo, golpe) to dodge: menos mal que pudo esquivar el árbol que había caído en la carretera, luckily he was able to dodge the tree that had fallen across the road
    2 (a una persona) to avoid, dodge: me está esquivando, he's avoiding me
    esquivo,-a adj (persona) aloof, unsociable
    ' esquivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    esquiva
    English:
    elusive
    - elusiveness
    * * *
    esquivo, -a adj
    uncommunicative, unsociable;
    es algo esquivo he's not very communicative o sociable;
    está muy esquivo con todos nosotros he's very unsociable towards us all;
    estuvo esquivo con la prensa he didn't give much away to the press
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( huraño) unsociable
    2 ( evasivo) shifty, evasive
    * * *
    esquivo, -va adj
    1) huraño: aloof, unsociable
    2) : shy
    3) : elusive, evasive

    Spanish-English dictionary > esquivo

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 roce

    m.
    1 rubbing (contacto).
    el roce de la seda contra su piel the feel of the silk against her skin
    el roce de su mano en la mejilla the touch of his hand on her cheek
    el roce del viento en la piedra the weathering effect of the wind on the stone
    me ha salido una ampolla del roce del zapato I've got a blister from my shoe rubbing against my foot
    el pantalón tiene roces en las rodillas the trousers are worn at the knees
    la pared está llena de roces the wall has had the paint scraped off it in several places
    3 close contact (trato).
    4 brush, quarrel (desavenencia).
    tener un roce con alguien to have a brush with somebody
    5 disagreement, friction, clashing, confrontation.
    6 rub, kiss, light touch.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: rozar.
    * * *
    1 (fricción) rubbing; (en piel) chafing
    3 (contacto físico) light touch, brush
    4 familiar (trato) contact
    5 familiar (disensión) friction, brush
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) brush, graze
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción) rub, rubbing; (Téc) friction; (Pol) friction
    2) (=herida) graze
    3) * (=contacto) close contact

    tener roce con algn — to be in close contact with sb, have a lot to do with sb

    4) (=disgusto) brush
    * * *
    1) ( contacto) rubbing
    2) ( trato frecuente) regular contact
    3) (fricción, desacuerdo)
    4) (CS) ( don de gentes) social graces (pl)
    * * *
    = friction, run-in.
    Ex. It is becoming urgently necessary for all information agencies to develop the closest co-operation to avoid wasting their resources through needless duplication and friction.
    Ex. 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.
    ----
    * roce con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.
    * * *
    1) ( contacto) rubbing
    2) ( trato frecuente) regular contact
    3) (fricción, desacuerdo)
    4) (CS) ( don de gentes) social graces (pl)
    * * *
    = friction, run-in.

    Ex: It is becoming urgently necessary for all information agencies to develop the closest co-operation to avoid wasting their resources through needless duplication and friction.

    Ex: 'When you've been here a while, you'll see that it's hard to avoid run-ins with her,' Lehmann spoke up.
    * roce con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.

    * * *
    A
    1 (contacto) rubbing
    no soporta el roce de la sábana en las quemaduras he can't bear the sheet rubbing against o touching his burns
    el roce del zapato le había producido ampollas the constant rubbing o chafing of the shoe had given her blisters, she had blisters where the shoe had rubbed o chafed
    el roce de las dos piezas genera calor friction between the two parts produces heat
    el roce de su mejilla the brush of her cheek
    2
    (marca, señal): le hicieron un roce al coche someone scratched o scraped her car
    el cuello de la camisa tiene roce the shirt collar is grimy with wear
    B
    (fricción, desacuerdo): no han tenido ni un roce they haven't had a single cross word, there's been no friction between them
    ha habido graves roces dentro del partido there have been serious clashes o there has been a lot of friction within the party
    tuvo un roce con la policía she had a brush with the law
    C (CS) (don de gentes) social graces (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo rozar: ( conjugate rozar)

    rocé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    roce es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    roce    
    rozar
    roce sustantivo masculino

    ( fricción) friction;

    el roce de su mejilla the brush of her cheek;
    tiene los puños gastados por el roce his cuffs are worn

    c) ( desacuerdo):


    tener un roce con algn to have a brush with sb
    rozar ( conjugate rozar) verbo transitivo ( tocar ligeramente):

    sus labios roceon mi frente her lips brushed my forehead;
    las sillas rozan la pared the chairs rub o scrape against the wall;
    la bala le rozó el brazo the bullet grazed his arm;
    me roza el zapato my shoe's rubbing
    rozarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( recípr) [cables/piezas] to chafe;

    [manos/labios] to touch
    b) ( refl) ‹brazo/rodillas› to graze

    c) [cuello/puños] to wear

    d) (Méx) [ bebé] to get diaper rash (AmE), get nappy rash (BrE);

    ◊ el bebé está rozado the baby has diaper (AmE) o (BrE) nappy rash

    roce sustantivo masculino
    1 (acción) rubbing, friction
    estar algo desgastado por el roce, to be worn
    2 (señal: en la piel) graze
    (: en una superficie) rub, scuff mark
    3 (entre personas: trato) regular contact
    (: discusión) friction, brush
    rozar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una cosa o persona a otra) to touch, brush: su mano rozó mi cara, his hand brushed my face
    2 (produciendo daño) to graze
    (un zapato) to rub
    3 (una cualidad o defecto, una cifra) to border on, verge on: su último cuadro roza la genialidad, his last painting borders on genius
    4 (por el uso) to wear out
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (una cosa o persona a otra) to touch, brush
    pasar rozando, to brush past
    2 (produciendo daño) to rub: estos zapatos me rozan, these shoes are rubbing
    3 (una cualidad o defecto, una cifra) to border on, verge on: su actitud rozaba en la mala educación, his attitude verged on rudeness
    ' roce' also found in these entries:
    English:
    brush
    - rub off
    - touch
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [contacto] rubbing;
    el roce de la seda contra su piel the brushing of the silk against her skin;
    el roce de su mano en la mejilla the touch of his hand on her cheek;
    el roce de la silla con la pared ha desgastado la pintura the back of the chair has worn away some of the paint on the wall;
    me ha salido una ampolla del roce del zapato I've got a blister from my shoe rubbing against my foot;
    el roce del viento en la piedra the weathering effect of the wind on the stone
    2. [rozadura]
    el pantalón tiene roces en las rodillas the Br trousers o US pants are worn at the knees;
    la pared está llena de roces the wall has had the paint scraped off it in several places
    3. [rasguño] [en piel] graze;
    [en madera, zapato] scuffmark; [en metal] scratch
    4. [trato] close contact;
    con el roce se han ido tomando cariño being in close contact has made them grow fond of each other
    5. [desavenencia] brush, quarrel;
    tener un roce con alguien to have a brush with sb
    6. RP [modales]
    tener roce to have good social skills
    * * *
    m fig
    friction;
    tener roces con come into conflict with
    * * *
    roce, etc. rozar
    roce nm
    1) : rubbing, chafing
    2) : brush, graze, touch
    3) : close contact, familiarity
    4) : friction, disagreement

    Spanish-English dictionary > roce

  • 13 sangre

    f.
    blood.
    me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger
    te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding
    ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict
    un baño de sangre a bloodbath
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sangrar.
    * * *
    1 blood
    \
    a sangre fría figurado in cold blood
    a sangre y fuego figurado by fire and sword
    chupar la sangre a alguien figurado to bleed somebody dry
    de sangre caliente / de sangre fría warm-blooded / cold-blooded
    donar sangre to give blood
    llevar algo en la sangre figurado to run in the family
    ■ no lo puede remediar, lo lleva en la sangre he can't help it, it runs in the family
    ■ su padre era músico, así que lo lleva en la sangre her father was a musician, so it's in her blood
    no llegó la sangre al río figurado the worst didn't happen
    no tener sangre en las venas figurado to be a cold fish, be unemotional
    sudar sangre figurado to sweat blood
    sangre fría figurado sang froid
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bio) blood

    tiene sangre de tipo O negativo — he's blood type O negative, his blood type is O negative

    • chupar la sangre a algn — (lit) to suck sb's blood; (fig) (=explotar) to bleed sb dry; Méx (=hacer pasar mal rato) to give sb a hard time, make sb's life a misery

    • dar sangre — to give blood

    • donar sangre — to donate blood

    • echar sangre — to bleed

    estuvo echando sangre por la nariz — [de forma natural] he had a nosebleed; [a consecuencia de un golpe] his nose was bleeding, he was bleeding from the nose

    • hacer sangre a algn — to make sb bleed

    me pegó y me hizo sangre — he hit me and I started bleeding o to bleed, he hit me and made me bleed

    • hacerse sangre, ¿te has hecho sangre? — are you bleeding?

    • salirle sangre a algn, me está saliendo sangre de la herida — my cut is bleeding

    sangre caliente, a sangre caliente — in the heat of the moment

    de sangre caliente — [animal] warm-blooded antes de s ; [persona] hot-blooded antes de s

    sangre fría — coolness, sang-froid frm

    de sangre fría — [animal] cold-blooded antes de s ; [persona] cool-headed antes de s

    mantener la sangre fría — to keep calm, keep one's cool

    banco 3), baño 2), delito 1)
    2)

    arderle la sangre a algn —

    bullirle la sangre a algn —

    hervirle la sangre a algn —

    me hierve la sangre cuando nos tratan así — it really makes me mad o it makes my blood boil when they treat us like this

    - tener la sangre de horchata o
    - ser de sangre ligera
    - es de sangre pesada

    no llegar la sangre al río —

    3) (=linaje) blood
    - la sangre tira mucho
    puro
    * * *
    1) (Biol) blood

    te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

    animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

    chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

    dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

    hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

    2) ( linaje) blood

    la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

    llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

    lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

    •
    * * *
    = blood.
    Ex. The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.
    ----
    * ampolla de sangre = blood blister.
    * análisis de sangre = blood test.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.
    * banco de sangre = blood bank.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.
    * coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.
    * dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.
    * de sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * donación de sangre = blood donation.
    * donante de sangre = blood donor.
    * donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.
    * hermana de sangre = blood sister.
    * hermano de sangre = blood brother.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * muestra de sange = blood sample.
    * naranja de sangre = blood orange.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pura sangre = thoroughbred.
    * salir sangre = draw + blood.
    * sangre espesa = thick blood.
    * sangre fría = presence of mind.
    * sangre muy diluida = thin blood.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sangre poco espesa = thin blood.
    * sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.
    * sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.
    * sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.
    * tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.
    * vejiga de sangre = blood blister.
    * vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.
    * * *
    1) (Biol) blood

    te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

    animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

    chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

    dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

    hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

    2) ( linaje) blood

    la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

    llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

    lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

    •
    * * *

    Ex: The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.

    * ampolla de sangre = blood blister.
    * análisis de sangre = blood test.
    * a sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.
    * banco de sangre = blood bank.
    * baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].
    * chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.
    * coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.
    * dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.
    * de sangre fría = cold-blooded.
    * donación de sangre = blood donation.
    * donante de sangre = blood donor.
    * donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.
    * envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.
    * hermana de sangre = blood sister.
    * hermano de sangre = blood brother.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * muestra de sange = blood sample.
    * naranja de sangre = blood orange.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pura sangre = thoroughbred.
    * salir sangre = draw + blood.
    * sangre espesa = thick blood.
    * sangre fría = presence of mind.
    * sangre muy diluida = thin blood.
    * sangre nueva = new blood.
    * sangre poco espesa = thin blood.
    * sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.
    * sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.
    * sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.
    * tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.
    * vejiga de sangre = blood blister.
    * vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.

    * * *
    A ( Biol) blood
    donar or dar sangre to give blood
    una transfusión de sangre a blood transfusion
    me corté pero no me salió sangreor no me hice sangre I cut myself but it didn't bleed
    le pegó hasta hacerle sangre he hit her until she bled
    la sangre le salía a borbotones he was pouring with blood, (the) blood was pouring o gushing from him
    te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding
    la sangre de Cristo the blood of Christ
    no hubo derramamiento de sangre there was no bloodshed
    corrió mucha sangre there was a lot of bloodshed
    animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals
    andar con/tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam); to bear a grudge
    a sangre y fuego with great violence
    chuparle la sangre a algn ( fam) (explotarlo) to bleed sb white o dry; (hacerle pasar malos ratos) ( Méx) to cause sb a lot of heartache
    irse en sangre ( fam); to lose a lot of blood
    lavar algo con sangre to avenge sth with blood
    me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil
    me/le bullía la sangre en las venas I/he was bursting with youthful vigor
    no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that
    tener sangre en las venas to have get-up-and-go; to have initiative
    no tener sangre en las venas to be unemotional
    pedir sangre to call o ( liter) bay for blood
    sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears
    le costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas, pero al final lo consiguió he sweated blood but he succeeded in the end o he succeeded in the end but only after much blood, sweat and tears
    se me/le fue la sangre a los pies ( Méx); my/his blood ran cold
    se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold
    se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it gets my/his blood up o it makes me/him see red
    sudar sangre to sweat blood
    tener la sangre ligera or ( Méx) ser de sangre ligera or ( Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing
    tener la sangre pesada or ( Méx) ser de sangre pesada or ( Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work ( colloq)
    tener (la) sangre de horchata or ( Méx) atole to be cool o coolheaded
    malo1 (↑ malo (1)), puro1 (↑ puro (1))
    Compuestos:
    calmness, sangfroid
    con una sangre fría asombrosa with amazing sangfroid
    a sangre fría: lo mataron a sangre fría they killed him in cold blood
    ha sido una venganza a sangre fría it was cold-blooded revenge
    new blood
    B (linaje) blood
    era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth
    tiene sangre de reyes she has royal blood
    es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race
    no desprecies a los de tu misma sangre don't despise your own kind o your own
    no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family
    la sangre tira blood is thicker than water
    tiene or lleva sangre torera en las venas bullfighting is in his blood
    llevar or ( Méx) traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood
    lo lleva en la sangre it's in his blood
    Compuesto:
    blue blood
    gente de sangre azul the aristocracy
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sangrar: ( conjugate sangrar)

    sangré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    sangre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sangrar    
    sangre
    sangrar ( conjugate sangrar) verbo intransitivo [persona/herida/nariz] to bleed
    sangre sustantivo femenino
    1 (Biol) blood;

    no me salió sangre it didn't bleed;
    te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding;
    los ojos inyectados en sangre bloodshot eyes;
    animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals;
    sangre fría calmness and courage;
    a sangre fría ‹ matar› in cold blood;
    See Also→ malo 2
    2 ( linaje) blood;
    ◊ era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth;

    es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race;
    no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family;
    sangre azul blue blood
    sangrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 Med (sacar sangre) to bleed
    2 (un párrafo) to indent
    3 fam (aprovecharse, abusar) to bleed dry
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (salir sangre) to bleed
    2 (daño, perjuicio moral) todavía me sangra la humillación que sufrí hace un año, the humiliation still rankles me after a year
    sangre sustantivo femenino
    1 blood
    derramamiento de sangre, bloodshed
    2 (familia) blood: son de la misma sangre, they are related o from the same family
    ♦ Locuciones: chupar la sangre a alguien, figurado to bleed sb dry o white
    hervirle la sangre a alguien en las venas, to make sb's blood boil
    no llegar la sangre al río, not to go beyond that: han reñido, pero no llegó la sangre al río, they've fallen out, but it didn't go beyond that
    no tener sangre en las venas o tener la sangre de horchata, to be very unemotional
    tener mala sangre, to be malicious
    sangre azul, blue blood
    sangre fría, sangfroid, calmness
    a sangre fría, in cold blood
    a sangre y fuego, at all costs, mercilessly
    ' sangre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azul
    - banco
    - baño
    - bombear
    - borbotón
    - circular
    - coagularse
    - delito
    - derramamiento
    - donar
    - donante
    - espanto
    - grupo
    - imponer
    - invencible
    - limpiar
    - llegar
    - negativa
    - negativo
    - salir
    - sangrar
    - análisis
    - aprensión
    - azúcar
    - bañado
    - chorrear
    - chupar
    - correr
    - dar
    - depurar
    - derramar
    - escupir
    - hilo
    - inyectado
    - malo
    - manchado
    - mestizo
    - muestra
    - orinar
    - sacar
    - suero
    - transfusión
    - verter
    - vomitar
    English:
    blanch
    - bleed
    - bleeding
    - blood
    - blood bank
    - blood test
    - bloodbath
    - bloodshed
    - bloodshot
    - bloody
    - blue blood
    - circulate
    - circulation
    - clot
    - cold
    - cold-blooded
    - congeal
    - coolness
    - curdle
    - faint
    - flesh
    - give
    - gore
    - orgy
    - part
    - pedigree
    - pour
    - presence
    - pureblood
    - purebred
    - run
    - rush
    - sample
    - sangfroid
    - shed
    - sight
    - stem
    - streak
    - stream
    - suck
    - test
    - thoroughbred
    - trace
    - transfusion
    - warm-blooded
    - bank
    - bloodless
    - blue
    - cool
    - draw
    * * *
    sangre nf
    1. [fluido] blood;
    una camisa manchada de sangre a bloodstained shirt;
    te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding;
    la sangre de Cristo [en Misa] the blood of Christ;
    animales de sangre caliente/fría warm-blooded/cold-blooded animals;
    ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict;
    dar o [m5] donar sangre to give blood;
    echar sangre [sangrar] to bleed;
    echaba sangre o [m5]le salía sangre por la boca/la nariz her mouth/nose was bleeding;
    hacer sangre (a alguien) to draw (sb's) blood;
    me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger;
    a sangre y fuego: arrasaron el pueblo a sangre y fuego they brutally razed the village to the ground;
    Fam
    chupar la sangre a alguien to bleed sb dry;
    sangre, sudor y lágrimas: me costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas terminarlo I sweated blood to get it finished;
    dar la sangre por algo/alguien [morir] to give one's life for sth/sb;
    encender la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;
    hacerse mala sangre (por algo) to get worked up (about sth);
    se me/le/ etc[m5] heló la sangre en las venas my/his/her/ etc blood ran cold;
    hervir la sangre: me hierve la sangre cuando veo estas cosas it makes my blood boil when I see things like that;
    no llegó la sangre al río it didn't get too nasty;
    llevar o Am [m5] tener o Am [m5] traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood;
    RP
    con la sangre en el ojo full of rancour;
    Fam
    quemar la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;
    Fam
    sudar sangre to sweat blood;
    tener la sangre caliente to be hot-blooded;
    tener sangre de horchata [ser tranquilo] to be as cool as a cucumber;
    [ser demasiado frío] to have a heart of stone; Fam
    tener mala sangre to be malicious;
    no tiene sangre en las venas he's got no life in him;
    la sangre tira (mucho) blood is thicker than water
    sangre azul blue blood;
    sangre fría sangfroid;
    a sangre fría in cold blood
    2. [linaje] blood;
    gentes de sangre noble/real people with noble/royal blood;
    ser de la misma sangre [familiares] to be from the same family
    * * *
    f blood;
    echaba sangre por la nariz his nose was bleeding;
    hacerse mala sangre get all worked up;
    la sangre se le subió a la cabeza the blood rushed to his head;
    lo lleva en la sangre it’s in his blood;
    no tener sangre en las venas fig be a cold fish;
    no llegará la sangre al río it won’t come to that, it won’t be that bad;
    sudar sangre sweat blood;
    a sangre y fuego ruthlessly
    * * *
    sangre nf
    1) : blood
    2)
    a sangre fría : in cold blood
    3)
    a sangre y fuego : by violent force
    4)
    pura sangre : thoroughbred
    * * *
    sangre n blood

    Spanish-English dictionary > sangre

  • 14 présence

    présence [pʀezɑ̃s]
    1. feminine noun
       a. [de personne, chose, pays] presence ; (au bureau, à l'école) attendance
       b. ( = personnalité) presence
    * * *
    pʀezɑ̃s
    1) ( de personne) presence; (au bureau, à l'usine) attendance

    il fait de la présence, c'est tout — he's present and not much else

    les parties en présence — Droit the litigants, the opposing parties

    2) ( de pays) presence
    3) (de substance, phénomène, d'industrie) presence ( dans in)
    5) ( personnalité) presence
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    pʀezɑ̃s nf
    1) (proximité) presence

    Sa présence est rassurante. — His presence is reassuring.

    en présence de qn — in the presence of sb, in sb's presence

    en présence de [menace, situation, choix] — in the face of

    2) (aux cours, au travail) attendance

    La présence aux cours est obligatoire. — Lesson attendance is compulsory.

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( de personne) presence; (au bureau, à l'usine) attendance; elle nous a honorés de sa présence she honouredGB us with her presence; il ignore ta présence he doesn't know you are here; il fait de la présence, c'est tout he's present and not much else; il me suffit de faire de la présence I just need to turn up; fuir/éviter la présence de qn to shun/to avoid sb; trois mois de présence dans l'entreprise sont nécessaires it is necessary to have been with the company for three months; en présence du maire/d'un avocat in the presence of the mayor/of a lawyer; il l'a fait en ma présence/hors de ma présence he did it in my presence/while I wasn't there; en présence d'un acide il se produit une réaction a reaction occurs when an acid is present; en présence d'une foule énorme in front of a huge crowd; en présence de la reine in the presence of the Queen; les forces en présence dans le conflit the forces involved in the conflict; en présence d'un tel désastre faced with such a disaster; les parties en présence Jur the litigants, the opposing parties; mettre deux personnes en présence to bring two people together ou face to face;
    2 ( de pays) presence; la présence française en Afrique the French presence in Africa;
    3 (de substance, phénomène, d'industrie) presence (dans in);
    4 Relig la présence réelle real presence;
    5 ( être animé) sentir une présence to feel a presence; il a besoin d'une présence he needs company;
    6 ( personnalité) presence; avoir beaucoup de présence (sur scène) to have great stage presence;
    7 ( influence d'auteur) liter influence.
    présence d'esprit presence of mind.
    [prezɑ̃s] nom féminin
    1. [fait d'être là] presence
    réunion à 9 h, présence obligatoire meeting at 9 o'clock, attendance compulsory
    2. THÉÂTRE [personnalité] presence
    3. [influence] presence
    ————————
    en présence locution adjectivale
    1. [en opposition]
    les armées/équipes en présence the opposing armies/teams
    les parties en présence the opposing parties, the litigants (terme spécialisé)
    ————————
    en présence locution adverbiale
    en présence de locution prépositionnelle
    présence d'esprit nom féminin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > présence

  • 15 открыто противостоять, смотреть в лицо

    General subject: face( smth.) head-on (Do you tend to face problems head-on, or do you try to avoid conflict?)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > открыто противостоять, смотреть в лицо

  • 16 понимание

    understanding, comprehension, meaning
    • Большая часть этого не дала нам никакого дополнительного понимания... - Most of this fails to provide any additional insight into...
    • В данной главе (у читателя) предполагается интуитивное понимание... - In this chapter we assume an intuitive knowledge of...
    • В соответствии с таким пониманием,... - According to this view,...
    • Для лучшего понимания процесса необходимо... - In order to have a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to...
    • Его лекции внесли новое понимание явлений... - His lectures provided new insight regarding the effects of...
    • Его точный смысл достаточно труден для понимания. - The precise meaning of this is rather difficult to grasp.
    • Лучшее понимание было получено на пути, когда/где... - A better understanding has been gained of the way in which...
    • Мы не можем достичь совершенного понимания этого, пока не... - We cannot arrive at a comprehensive view of this unless we...
    • Мы рассматриваем довольно идеализированную модель, которая дает некоторое понимание... - We consider a rather idealized model which gives some insight into...
    • Наше современное понимание... основано на... - Our present-day understanding of... is based on...
    • Невозможно получить полное понимание... без основных знаний... - It is impossible to gain a thorough knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...
    • Некоторая аналогия иногда бывает полезной для понимания... - An analogy is sometimes useful in understanding...
    • Некоторое знание... необходимо для понимания... - Some knowledge of... is necessary to an understanding of...
    • Некоторое понимание причины такого поведения можно получить... - Some insight into the reason for this behavior can be gained by...
    • Но очевидно, что подобное понимание является бессмысленным. - But such a view is clearly nonsense.
    • Поверхностное понимание данной теоремы могло бы привести к убеждению, что... - A superficial reading of this theorem might lead one to believe that...
    • Решающим здесь является понимание, что... - It is crucial to understand that...
    • Следующая теорема дает более глубокое понимание... - The next theorem provides more insight into...
    • Следующее простое рассуждение может дать некоторое понимание... - The following simple reasoning may give some insight into...
    • Такое понимание (= точка зрения) предполагает, что... - This view presumes that...
    • Только в последние годы мы пришли к пониманию, что... - Only in recent years have we come to understand that...
    • Что (действительно) необходимо - это ясное понимание... - What is needed is a clear understanding of...
    • Чтобы избежать неверного понимания, мы... - То avoid misunderstanding, we shall...
    • Экспериментальная работа дала нам лучшее понимание механизма... - Experimental work has given us a better insight into the mechanism of...
    • Эта книга предназначена для того, чтобы дать практическим инженерам полное понимание... - This book is intended to give practicing engineers a thorough understanding of...
    • Это могло бы также привести к лучшему пониманию... - This could also lead to a better understanding of...
    • Это необходимо для существенного понимания... - This is required for a fundamental understanding of...
    • Это понимание не вступает в конфликт с... - This view does not conflict with... (
    • Это предполагает глубокое понимание... - This presupposes an intimate knowledge of...
    • Это сложная теория, она трудна для понимания. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.
    • Этот результат подтверждает интуитивное понимание того, что... - This result confirms the intuitive view that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > понимание

  • 17 confrontation

    confrontation [kɔ̃fʀɔ̃tasjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
       a. [d'opinions, personnes] confrontation
       b. ( = conflit) clash
    * * *
    kɔ̃fʀɔ̃tasjɔ̃
    1) (de témoins, d'idées) confrontation; ( de textes) comparison
    2) ( débat) debate; ( affrontement) clash
    * * *
    kɔ̃fʀɔ̃tasjɔ̃ nf
    * * *
    1 (de témoins, d'idées) confrontation (entre between; avec with);
    2 ( débat) debate; ( affrontement) clash;
    3 (de textes, d'écritures) comparison (de of); travaux de confrontation des données chiffrées work on comparing statistical data.
    [kɔ̃frɔ̃tasjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [face-à-face] confrontation
    3. [comparaison] comparison
    4. [conflit] confrontation

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > confrontation

  • 18 спор

    сущ.
    1. argument; 2. bet; 3. dispute; 4. debate; 5. quarrel; 6. controversy
    Русское существительное спор многоситуативно и характеризует обстоятельства разного характера — от спокойной полемики до ссоры. Английские эквиваленты более конкретизированы и обозначают разный характер спора различными словами.
    1. argument — спор, полемика, размолвка (обсуждение конкретного вопроса, в котором стороны придерживаются противоположных точек зрения и приводят доводы за и против): а heated argument — горячий спор; to start an argument — начать спор/ завести спор We don't see each other very often and when we do, we have arguments. — Мы редко видимся, а когда встречаемся вечно спорим. I'm sorry I am late — 1 got involved in an argument about fares with (he ticket collector. — Простите, что я опоздал, у меня вышел спор с контролером из-за платы за проезд. The teacher refused to be drawn into the argument between the players. — Преподаватель отказался вмешиваться в спор между игроками./Преподаватель отказался вмешиваться в ссору между игроками. A heated argument developed between them over who should get the custody of the children. — Между ними начался ожесточенный спор из-за того, кто должен быть опекуном детей. It is beyond argument. — Это бесспорно, и спорить нечего./Тут и спорить нечего. Существительное argument образно ассоциируется с борьбой двух противостоящих партнеров, пытающихся в словесной борьбе доказать свою правоту и отстоять свою позицию; образ такой борьбы (при сохранении значения приводить доводы и доказательства), в более явной форме проявляется в ряде словосочетаний: They have again crossed swords over this problem. — Они вновь скрестили шпаги по поводу этого вопроса. John was always the first to lead her defense. —Джон всегда был первым. кто вставал на ее защиту. We did battle over who to appoint to this post. — Мы немало повоевали ПО вопросу о том, кого назначить на этот пост. We had a big fight over this decision last night. — Вчера вечером у нас был настоящий бой из-за этого решения. Не realized that he had to change his line of attack if he wanted to be successful. — Он понял, что, если хочет добиться успеха, ему надо сменить свою тактику наступления. She tried to defend herself against his attacks. — Она пыталась защищаться от его нападок. She shot down all his arguments. — Она разбила все его доводы. It was an indefensible point of view. — Эту точку зрения защищать было нельзя./Защита этой точки зрения была обречена на провал. There was a lot of conflict over what to do next. — По поводу дальнейших действий разгорелся настоящий конфликт. They clashed over who should go. — Они сцепились по поводу того, кому из них ехать. It was a real battle of wits. — Это было настоящее состязание в остроумии.
    2. bet — спор, пари: even bet — пари с равными шансами; a bet for/to a good — предмет, по поводу которого заключают пари; to make (to lay) a bet — заключать (держать) пари; to lose (to win) a bet — проиграть (выиграть) пари This team is a good bet. — Эта команда безусловно выиграет.
    3. dispute — серьезный спор, несогласие, конфликт, спор, спорный вопрос, диспут, дискуссия, дебаты, полемика, пререкания, ссора, тяжба: a heated dispute — горячая дискуссия/оживленная дискуссия; a bitter dispute — острая дискуссия/резкая дискуссия; border (international, legal) dispute — пограничный (международный, правовой) спор; labour dispute — трудовой конфликт/трудовой спор; matter in dispute — предмет спора; beyond/out of dispute — вне всяких сомнений/бесспорно; to settle a dispute — разрешить спор; to be in/under dispute — находиться в процессе спора A prolonged labourdispute disrupted rail service. — Затянувшийся трудовой конфликт нарушил работу железнодорожного транспорта. It is beyond dispute. — Это бесспорно. It is beyond dispute that advances in medicine have enabled people to live longer. — Это бесспорный факт, что успехи медицины продлили человеку жизнь./Это бесспорный факт, что достижения медицины продлили человеку жизнь. The three hour setting resolved no point of the disputes between them. — Трехчасовая встреча не разрешила ни одного из вопросов, по которым они расходятся.
    4. debate — спор, обсуждение, дебаты ( обсуждение спорного вопроса): As yet, there has been little public debate on this issue. — До сих пор, в обществе эта проблема почти не обсуждалась. There are lively debates on the relevance of this theory today. — Идут оживленные споры о том, имеет ли эта теория значение сегодня. Whether that would have made any difference is open to debate. — Вопрос отом, будет ли это иметь какое-либо значение, подлежит обсуждению. The whole question of compensation is still under debate. — Вопрос о компенсациях все еще находится в процессе обсуждения.
    5. quarrel — спор, ссора, размолвка, раздор: a quarrel with smb — спор с кем-либо/ссора с кем-либо: a quarrel about/ over smth. — ссора из-за чего-либо/спор из-за чего-либо; to be at quarrel — ссориться/быть в ссоре; to have a quarrel — спорить/ссориться; to avoid a quarrel — избегать ссоры/избегать споров; to make up a quarrel — уладить спор/помириться; to pick/to seek a quarrel with smb — искать повод для ссоры с кем-либо/затевать спор с кем-либо/затевать ссору с кем-либо I have no quarrel with his opinion. — Я не оспариваю его точку зрения./ Я не спорю с его точкой зрения. I have no quarrel with him. — Мне с ним не о чем спорить./Я на него не в обиде.
    6. controversy — спор, дискуссия, полемика, нисхождение во мнениях, ссора (выражение несогласия по вопросам морали, общественной политики; по проблемам, затрагивающим очень многих людей): legal controversy— правовой спор; border controversy — пограничный спор; controversy between the company and the union — конфликт между компанией и профсоюзом The elections ended in controversy, with allegation of widespread votes going. — Выборы окончились спорами о том, что голосование было во многих местах фальсифицировано. The decision to allow more cars on the ferry was sure to spark controversy. — Разрешение допускать большее количество машин на паром обязательно вызоветспоры и несогласия./Разрешение допускать большее количество машин на паром обязательно вызоветспоры и разногласия.

    Русско-английский объяснительный словарь > спор

См. также в других словарях:

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